ÿWPCÓ °‰ty‹\fglû¬d'¿ÒYÞsø¬Tÿ¥¨þÁg‘X²ƒ,ÈYsCÓfO!º‹Vþ3ÕÆYlaqÓƒk®…¸q{þµ&ÃyJˆäµÙ-_üD…*[>K‚¸*|StÔ€ôSfUÏ›1¥ûÞNÙ¨njÎ[ŸW®þ‘¶v秪;Èr_ǶgîzìÜ0M¬D‘¡D*ˆECÌS¹ôD¯DS’a×ñ’5¦óÙòWðzøçÖ«`tof &±=Û®6,9‡²ÄB¡°yÌ:?c›Åõ«“ªÇe`:Ã¥»d[§£uFŸÄtÝ×Z@·Ðþ'íhþ ’d ƒ­ä:_Ûoþé£þ^â» ¦²ÍžÇ2×À#mpô6OTvF8²PËhœ'ÝQî< Ì@s}úé#¦8Œõò2Î'Óîøàx@ƒ>®^À[£Øzê4Ú‹p Ðã’UA~­µc*H¾2÷xCLW¢PV'Cháœn8â(~ç´¦‡K“Û]™•ø”J¥WÎZ™a ådÝÅ· ‚~€1Ó?ÙŒ|˜ç“5%Ýá»5ûqÒ- ^.ú ¤ pf6&ÁN³›¼A’«iCÅZááq2qú¼-f{ vøh/–¹rnšN#+#ÁZU N %i 0(o4—«3ºUNí 0D;²›wM NQ Q ^ S _ ma 0lx UNä 0D2 Uv v v SË Ë Ë Ë ˜ B¶˜HP LaserJet 4,ü,,,,,ü0(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡eH+Ôôÿÿÿÿ3|x )Ý ƒ ¯'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‘,òXXÔMotion€to€Dismiss€Indictment€..Ô#†XfxXòô‘,+#Ô.Ô‡ô‘,òXXfxÔÐ ° ÐCriminal€No.€00„000Ð œì ÐPage€Ú  Ú1Ú  ÚÔ#†XfxXòô‘,#Ô(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(3¯$§§Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝKlumperMoc. to Dismiss Indicment Î ' .Juan Matos de Juan.0Juan Matos de Juan .   [*+s ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó KÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€See€Situation€Report€generated€by€the€U.S.€Coast€Guard€on€May€17,€1999,€consisting€ofÐ ° Ðone€page.€€The€pertinent€part€of€the€Report€is€highlighted.€The€same€is€attached€to€this€motion,Ð œì Ðidentified€as€Exhibit€I. IÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€See€Situation€Report€document€generated€by€the€U.S.C.G.€on€May€17,€1999,€consistingÐ ° Ðof€two€pages.€The€pertinent€part€of€the€Report€is€highlighted.€The€same€is€attached€to€this€motionÐ œì Ðas€exhibit€number€III. ŽÝ ƒüÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€These€coordinates€are€identified€in€the€Situation€Report€attached€as€exhibit€I.€TheÐ ° Ðappropriate€part€is€highlighted.€Attached€to€this€motion,€and€identified€as€exhibit€II€is€aÐ œì Ðphotocopy€of€the€appropriate€nautical€chart,€identifying€the€place€where€the€yawl€was€interdicted. dÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡XfxXXXÔÑ  ÑÑ ý ÑÖ€ÿÿÖà@U U ìàIN€THE€UNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€COURTˆÐ ° ÐÓ  Óà@< < ìàFOR€THE€DISTRICT€OF€PUERTO€RICOˆÐ œì ÐÌUNITED€STATES€OF€AMERICAà h àà À à*Ð tÄ ÐÌÔ#†XfxXXXfx+#Ôà  àPlaintiffà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à*€à  àCRIMINAL€NO.€00„000Ð L œ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÌà  à€€€€€vs.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à*Ð $ t ÐÌDEFENDANTà0 ¸ àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà h àà À à*Ðü L (#(# ÐÌà  àDefendantà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à*Ô‡XfxXXXfxÔÐ Ô$  ÐÌ*à  à*à ` à*à ¸ à*à  à*à h à*à À à*Ð ¬ü  ÐÌÓÓà@{{ìàÔ#†XfxXXXfxH#Ôò òòòMOTION€TO€DISMISS€INDICTMENT€FOR€LACK€OF€JURISDICTIONóóó óÔ‡XfxXXXfxԈР„Ô  ÐÔ#†XfxXXXfxj#ÔÓÓÔ‡XfxXXXfxÔTO€THE€HONORABLE€SALVADOR€E.€Ô_ÔCASELLASÔ_ÔÐ \¬ ÐUNITED€STATES€DISTRICT€JUDGEÐ H˜ ÐFOR€THE€DISTRICT€OF€PUERTO€RICOÔ#†XfxXXXfxÔ#ÔÔ‡XfxXXXfxÔÐ 4„ ÐÌÓÂÓà  àCOMES€NOW€defendantÔ#†XfxXXXfxÀ#Ô,€represented€by€the€Federal€Public€Defender,€and€respectfullyÐ  \ ÐSTATES€and€PRAYS:Ð ä4 Ðà@ú ú ìàòòI.€INTRODUCTION€AND€STIPULATED€FACTSóóˆÐ ¼  Ðà  àOn€May€26,€1999€an€Indictment€was€returned,€charging€defendant€with€being€an€alienÐ ”ä Ðpreviously€deported€from€the€United€States€and€attempting€to€re„enter€the€United€States€withoutÐ l¼ Ðobtaining€the€permission€from€the€Attorney€General,€in€violation€of€8€U.S.C.€1326€(a)(2)€and€(b)(2).Ð D!” Ðà  àFrom€the€evidence€provided€by€the€Government€during€discovery,€the€following€facts€can€beÐ #l! Ðstipulated׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€:Ð ô$D # Ðà8  àa.€On€May€16,€1999,€U.S.€Coast€Guard€Cutter€intercepted€a€small€wooden€yawl€offÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€coast€of€Puerto€Rico.€The€yawl€was€interdicted€fourteen€to€fifteen€miles€off€theÐ ¤(ô#'ý Ðnearest€United€States€territory,€specifically€at€the€following€coordinates,€à x à18„45NÐ ì Ð067„16W׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×.ÐÄ ØÐ Ð  Ðà8  àc.€The€Yawl€was€intercepted€by€the€U.S.€Coast€Guard€at€the€request€of€the€U.S.Ð œ ° ÐBorder€Patrol.׃T×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ðt ˆÐ Ð  Ðà  àThe€question€being€presented€before€this€Honorable€Court€is€wether€the€United€States€hadÐ L` Ðjurisdiction€to€detain€and€arrest€defendant.Ð $8  Ðà@FF$ìàòòII.€ARGUMENTóóˆÐ ü  Ðà  àThe€defendant€is€charged€with€attempt€to€re„enter€after€deportation,€after€being€detained€byÐ Ôè  Ðimmigration€officials€approximately€fifteen€miles€off€the€coast€of€Puerto€Rico,€three€miles€beyondÐ ¬À Ðthe€territorial€waters€of€the€United€States€and€the€jurisdiction€of€law€enforcement€officials.€TheÐ „˜ ÐUnited€States€Coast€Guard€was€not€authorized,€under€the€facts€stipulated,€to€make€a€Ô_ÔwarrantlessÔ_ÔÐ \p Ðarrest€of€the€defendants€for€attempting€to€enter€the€United€States€under€8€U.S.C.€ðð€1326.€€UnitedÐ 4H ÐStates€law€enforcement€personnel€generally€have€powers€of€enforcement€only€within€the€territory€ofÐ    Ðthe€United€States,€unless€Congress€clearly€intended€to€extend€their€authority€under€a€statuteÐ äø Ðextraterritorially€within€the€confines€of€international€law.€€òòU.S.€v.€Bowmanóó,€260€U.S.€94,€98€(1932).€Ð ¼!Ð Ðâ âUnlike€a€civil€deportation€case,€for€a€criminal€offense€the€statute€must€be€strictly€construed,€òòU.S.€v.Ð ”#¨ ÐWong€Kim€Boóó,€472€F.2d€720,€721€(5th€Cir.€1972),€and€extraterritorial€jurisdiction€should€not€simplyÐ ì Ðbe€inferred.Ð Ä Ø Ðâ âà  àUnder€United€States€and€international€law,€there€is€no€extraterritorial€jurisdiction€under€8Ð œ ° ÐU.S.C.€ðð€1326€for€an€attempt€to€enter€the€United€States.€€òòThe€Convention€on€the€Territorial€Sea€andÐ t ˆ Ðthe€Contiguous€Zonesóó,€opened€for€signature€April€29,€1958,€art.€24,€15€Ô_ÔU.S.T.Ô_Ô€1606,€Ô_ÔT.I.A.S.Ô_Ô€No.Ð L` Ð5639€(entered€into€force€Sept.€10,€1964),€allows€states€to€assert€immigration€interests€only€in€aÐ $8  Ðcontiguous€zone€12€miles€offshore.€€A€treaty€ratified€under€the€Constitution€is€the€supreme€law€ofÐ ü  Ðthe€land€to€which€all€judges€are€bound,€U.S.C.A.€Const.€Art.€6,€cl.€2,€and€€ð ðthe€comprehensivenessÐ Ôè  Ðof€the€Convention€provides€answers€to€many€of€the€lesser€problems€related€to€coastlines€which,Ð ¬À Ðabsent€the€Convention,€would€be€most€troublesome.ðð€òòU.S.€v.€Californiaóó,€381€U.S.€139€(1965);€SeeÐ „˜ Ðalso€òòU.S.€v.€Alaskaóó,€422€U.S.€184€(1975);€òòTexas€v.€Louisianaóó,€426€U.S.€465€(1976).Ð \p Ðà  àFurthermore,€there€is€no€evidence€that€Congress€intended€jurisdiction€under€ðð€1326€to€beÐ 4H Ðextended€beyond€United€Statesðð€territory€for€an€ð ðattempt€to€enter.ðð€€This€is€best€illustrated€whenÐ    Ðexamining€judicial€requirements€that€satisfy€an€ð ðentryðð€according€to€the€statute.€€In€order€to€effectÐ äø Ðan€ð ðentryðð€under€ðð1326,€an€alien€must€reach€land.€€òòZhang€v.€Ô_ÔSlatteryÔ_Ôóó,€55€F.3d€732,€754€(2nd€Cir.Ð ¼!Ð Ð1995).€€An€alien€can€not€be€prosecuted€for€entry€simply€by€crossing€into€the€territorial€waters€of€theÐ ”#¨ ÐUnited€States.€€òòChen€Ô_ÔZhouÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔChaiÔ_Ô€v.€Carrollóó,€48€F.3d€1331€(4th€Cir.€1995).€€And€as€there€is€no€expressÐ l%€  Ðlanguage€in€the€statute€or€other€evidence€of€congressional€intent€to€extend€jurisdictionÐ D'X" Ðextraterritorially€in€violation€of€treaty,€it€follows€that€to€be€prosecuted€for€an€ð ðattempt€to€enterðð€anÐ )0!$ Ðâ âalien€must€at€least€be€within€United€States€territorial€waters.€€Ð ô*#& Ðà  àThe€territorial€waters€of€the€United€States€are€limited€to€twelve€miles€from€the€U.S.€coast,Ð ì Ðâ âProclamation€No.€5928,€54€Fed.€Reg.€777€(1989),€and€the€yawl€on€which€defendants€were€riding€wasÐ Ä Ø Ðintercepted€by€the€Coast€Guard€approximately€fifteen€miles€from€United€States€shores,€clearly€outÐ œ ° Ðof€the€jurisdiction€of€the€United€States.€€As€the€First€Circuit€has€recently€stated,€ð ð[Ô_Ôw]atersÔ_Ô€twelveÐ t ˆ Ðmiles€beyond...€the€main€island€of€Puerto€Rico€are€ððinternationalðð€in€the€sense€that€vessels€of€otherÐ L` Ðnations€have€a€right€of€free€navigation€through€them.ðð€€òòU.S.€v.€Ramirez„Ferreróó,€82€F.3d€1131,€1136Ð $8  Ðn.4€(1st€Cir.€1996).€€Ð ü  Ðòòà@33ìàA.€Extraterritorial€JurisdictionóóˆÐ Ôè  Ðà  àAccording€to€the€ð ðprotective€principle,ðð€a€nation€has€jurisdiction€ð ðto€prescribe€a€rule€of€lawÐ ¬À Ðattaching€legal€consequences€to€conduct€outside€its€territory€that€threatens€its€security€as€a€state€orÐ „˜ Ðthe€operation€of€its€governmental€functions,€provided€the€conduct€is€generally€recognized€as€a€crimeÐ \p Ðunder€the€law€of€states€that€have€reasonably€developed€legal€systems.ðð€€òòU.S.€v.€Ô_ÔPizzarussoÔ_Ôóó,€388€F.2dÐ 4H Ð8,€9„10€(2nd€Cir.€1968)€(quoting€Restatement€(2nd),€Foreign€Relations,€ðð€33€(1965)).€€In€other€words,Ð    Ða€nation€can€assert€jurisdiction€ð ðover€a€person€whose€conduct€outside€the€nation's€territory€threatensÐ äø Ðthe€nation's€security.ðð€€òòU.S.€v.€Ô_ÔCardalesÔ_Ôóó,€168€F.3d€548€(1st€Cir.€1999).€€A€state€can€also€exerciseÐ ¼!Ð Ðjurisdiction€under€the€ð ðeffects€doctrine,ðð€where€ð ð[Ô_Ôa]ctsÔ_Ô€done€outside€a€jurisdiction,€but€intended€toÐ ”#¨ Ðproduce€and€producing€detrimental€effects€within€it,€justify€a€state€in€punishing€the€cause€of€the€harmÐ l%€  Ðas€if€he€had€been€present€at€the€effect,€if€the€state€should€succeed€in€getting€him€within€its€power.ðð€Ð D'X" ÐòòÔ_ÔStrassheimÔ_Ô€v.€Dailyóó,€221€U.S.€280,€285€(1911).Ð )0!$ Ðà  àHowever,€with€few€exceptions,€federal€criminal€law€does€not€apply€to€extraterritorial€acts.€Ð ô*#& ÐòòÔ_ÔHemphillÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔMoseleyÔ_Ôóó,€443€F.2d€322,€323€(10th€Cir.€1971).€€Courts€will€give€extraterritorial€effect€toÐ Ì,à$( Ðpenal€statutes€only€where€congressional€intent€is€clear,€€òòU.S.€v.€Bowmanóó,€260€U.S.€94,€98€(1932),Ð ì Ðand€whether€or€not€Congress€has€intended€extraterritorial€application€is€a€matter€of€statutoryÐ Ä Ø Ðinterpretation.€€òòU.S.€v.€Ô_ÔMacAllisterÔ_Ôóó,€160€F.3d€1304,€(11th€Cir.€1998).€€If€the€criminal€law€ð ðis€to€beÐ œ ° Ðextended€to€include€those€[crimes]€committed€outside€of€the€strict€territorial€jurisdiction,€it€is€naturalÐ t ˆ Ðfor€Congress€to€say€so€in€the€statute,€and€failure€to€do€so€will€negative€the€purpose€of€Congress€inÐ L` Ðthis€regard.ðð€€òòBowmanóó,€260€U.S.€at€98.€€The€Court€should€ask€whether€the€ð ðlanguage€in€[theÐ $8  Ðstatute]...€gives€any€indication€of€a€congressional€purpose€to€extend€its€coverage€beyond€places€overÐ ü  Ðwhich€the€United€States€has€sovereignty€or€has€some€measure€of€legislative€control.ðð€€òòFoley€Bros.Ð Ôè  Ðv.€Ô_ÔFilardoÔ_Ôóó,€336€U.S.€281,€285€(1949).€€ð ðThe€canon€of€construction€which€teaches€that€legislation€ofÐ ¬À ÐCongress,€unless€a€contrary€intent€appears,€is€meant€to€apply€only€within€the€territorial€jurisdictionÐ „˜ Ðof€the€United€States,€is€a€valid€approach€whereby€unexpressed€congressional€intent€may€beÐ \p Ðascertained.ðð€€òòIdóó.€(citation€omitted).€€ð ðThe€necessary€òòlocusóó,€when€not€specially€defined,€depends€uponÐ 4H Ðthe€purpose€of€Congress€as€evinced€by€the€description€and€nature€of€the€crime€and€upon€the€territorialÐ    Ðlimitations€upon€the€power€and€jurisdiction€of€a€government€to€punish€crime€under€the€law€ofÐ äø Ðnations.ðð€€òòBowmanóó,€260€U.S.€at€97.ÓÓòòÐ ¼!Ð ÐÌà@ÍÍìàB.€Under€the€Constitution€of€the€United€States,€the€Government€Is€Bound€by€Treaty€as€the€à@@ìììàˆÐ ”#¨ ÐSupreme€Law€of€the€Land,€and€under€ðð€1326€Can€Not€Exercise€Jurisdiction€BeyondÐ €$” Ðà@ìàits€Territorial€Waters.Óø,ÓóóˆÐ l%€  Ðà  àThe€Convention€on€the€Territorial€Sea€and€the€Contiguous€Zones,€opened€for€signature€AprilÐ D'X" Ð29,€1958,€art.€24,€15€Ô_ÔU.S.T.Ô_Ô€1606,€Ô_ÔT.I.A.S.Ô_Ô€No.€5639€(entered€into€force€Sept.€10,€1964),€allows€statesÐ )0!$ Ðto€assert€immigration€interests€in€a€contiguous€zone€12€miles€offshore.€€Article€24€reads:Ð ô*#& ÐÓÓà  àà ` àð ð1.€In€a€zone€of€the€high€seas€contiguous€to€its€territorial€sea,€the€coastal€State€may€Ð Ì,à$( Ðà  àà ` àexercise€the€control€necessary€to:Ð ¸-Ì%) Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ à(a)€Prevent€infringement€of€its€customs,€fiscal,€immigration€or€sanitary€Ð ì Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àregulations€within€its€territory€or€territorial€seaÐ Øì Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ à(b)€Punish€infringement€of€the€above€regulations€committed€within€its€Ð Ä Ø Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àterritory€or€territorial€seaÐ ° Ä Ðà  àà ` à2.€The€contiguous€zone€òòmay€not€extend€beyond€twelve€miles€óófrom€the€baseline€Ð œ ° Ðà  àà ` àfrom€which€the€breadth€of€the€territorial€sea€is€measured.ðð€€(italics€added).Ó0ÓÐ ˆ œ Ðà  àJust€as€an€act€of€Congress€may€supersede€a€prior€conflicting€treaty,€a€subsequent€treaty€mayÐ `t Ðsupersede€a€prior€conflicting€act€of€Congress.€€òòAlvarez€y€Sanchez€v.€U.S.óó,€216€U.S.€167€(1910).€€TheÐ 8L  ÐImmigration€and€Naturalization€Act€was€passed€by€Congress€in€1952,€while€the€Convention€on€theÐ $  ÐTerritorial€Sea€and€Contiguous€Zones€was€entered€into€force€in€the€United€States€in€1964.€€As€theÐ èü  Ðsupreme€law€of€the€land,€judges€are€bound€to€abide€by€the€laws€of€Convention,€U.S.C.€Const.€Art.Ð ÀÔ  Ð6,€cl.€2,€which€was€ratified€subsequent€to€the€Immigration€Act.€€Moreover,€there€is€no€conflictÐ ˜¬ Ðbetween€ðð€1326€and€laws€of€the€Convention.€€Section€1326€does€not€define€ð ðattempt€to€enter,ðð€norÐ p„ Ðis€there€express€language€defining€the€territorial€limits€for€which€the€United€States€may€exerciseÐ H\ Ðjurisdiction.€€The€Convention,€meanwhile,€explicitly€delineates€the€authority€of€all€parties€to€theÐ  4 Ðtreaty€when€exercising€their€authority€over€immigration€regulations€to€a€maximum€of€twelve€milesÐ ø  Ðfrom€the€nationsððs€coastal€baselines.€€Congress€was€well€aware€of€these€limitations€when€the€treatyÐ Ð ä Ðwas€ratified,€yet€they€chose€not€to€amend€ðð€1326€to€extend€jurisdiction€for€attempting€to€re„enter€theÐ ¨"¼ ÐUnited€States.€Ð €$” ÐÓÓòòà@  ìàC.€€According€to€Principles€of€Statutory€Construction,€ðð€1326€Requires€ThatˆÐ X&l! Ðà@óóìàan€Alien€must€Be€Within€Territorial€Waters€to€Be€Charged€with€an€ð ðAttempt€to€Re„enterððˆÐ D'X" Ðà@AA"ìàthe€United€StatesÓ¤9ÓóóˆÐ 0(D # Ðà  àIn€òòU.S.€v.€Bowmanóó,€the€Supreme€Court€stated€that€when€the€ð ðnecessary€òòlocus€óó[of€an€offense],Ð *"% Ðâ âwhen€not€specially€defined,€depends€upon€the€purpose€of€Congress€as€evinced€by€the€description€andÐ à+ô#' Ðnature€of€the€crime€and€upon€the€territorial€limitations€upon€the€power€and€jurisdiction€of€aÐ ì Ðgovernment€to€punish€crime€under€the€law€of€nations.ðð€€260€U.S.€at€97.Ð Ä Ø Ðâ âà  à€ð ðThe€starting€point€in€statutory€interpretation€is€the€language€[of€the€statute]€itself.€ð ð€òò€U.S.Ð œ ° Ðv.€Jamesóó€478€U.S.€597,€604€(1986).€€8€U.S.C.€ðð€1326(a)€states€that€ð ðany€alien€who„„Ð t ˆ ÐÓÓà  àà ` à(1)€has€been€denied€admission,€excluded,€deported,€or€removed€or€has€departed€the€Ð L` Ðà  àà ` àUnited€States€while€an€order€of€exclusion,€deportation,€or€removal€is€outstanding,€Ð 8L  Ðà  àà ` àand€thereafterÐ $8  Ðà  àà ` à(2)€enters,€attempts€to€enter,€or€is€at€any€time€found€in,€the€United€States,€unless€Ð $  Ðà  àà ` à(A)€prior€to€his€Ô_ÔreembarkationÔ_Ô€at€a€place€outside€the€United€States€or€his€à Ð àÐ ü  Ðà  àà ` àapplication€for€admission€from€foreign€contiguous€territory,€the€Attorney€General€Ð èü  Ðà  àà ` àhas€expressly€consented€to€such€alien's€reapplying€for€admission;€€or€(B)€with€Ð Ôè  Ðà  àà ` àrespect€to€an€alien€previously€denied€admission€and€removed,€unless€such€alien€Ð ÀÔ  Ðà  àà ` àshall€establish€that€he€was€not€required€to€obtain€such€advance€consent€under€this€Ð ¬À Ðà  àà ` àchapter€or€any€prior€Act,€shall€be€fined€under€Title€18,€or€imprisoned€not€more€Ð ˜¬ Ðà  àà ` àthan€2€years,€or€both.ððÐ „˜ ÐÌÓç=ÓAccording€to€the€statute€there€are€three€distinct€offenses€that€a€previously€deported€alien€may€violate:Ð \p Ð(1)€entering,€(2)€attempting€to€enter,€or€(3)€being€found€in€the€United€States.€€òòU.S.€v.€Rodriguezóó,€26Ð 4H ÐF.3d€4,€8€(1st€Cir.€1994).€€To€be€arrested€for€offenses€(1)€and€(3),€the€necessary€òòlocusóó€appears€to€beÐ    Ðclear€and€unambiguous:€the€defendant€must€be€arrested€within€United€States€territory.€€It€wouldÐ äø Ðtherefore€seem€at€first€blush€that€one€ð ðentersðð€the€United€States€upon€crossing€into€United€StatesÐ ¼!Ð Ðterritorial€waters,€and€one€who€ð ðattempts€to€enterðð€has€not€done€so,€thereby€conferring€powers€underÐ ”#¨ Ððð€1326€upon€United€States€officers€to€arrest€aliens€in€international€waters€they€believe€areÐ l%€  Ðð ðattempting€to€enterðð€the€United€States.€€Ð D'X" Ðà  àHowever,€in€order€to€ð ðenterðð€the€United€States€an€alien€must€satisfy€the€three„pronged€testÐ )0!$ Ðarticulated€in€òòMatter€of€Pierreóó,€14€I€&€N€Dec.€467€(BIA€1973),€which€states€than€an€entry€involves:Ð ô*#& Ð(1)€the€physical€presence,€(2)(a)€an€inspection€and€admission€by€an€immigration€officer€or€(b)€actualÐ Ì,à$( Ðand€intentional€evasion€of€inspection€at€the€nearest€inspection€point,€and€(3)€freedom€from€officialÐ ì Ðrestraint.€€òòIdóó.,€at€1171.€€The€first€prong,€physical€presence,€is€satisfied€when€the€alien€had€a€physicalÐ Ä Ø Ðpresence€on€land€within€the€United€States.€€òòZhang€v.€Ô_ÔSlatteryÔ_Ôóó,€55€F.3d€732,€754€(2nd€Cir.€1995).€€€AnÐ œ ° Ðalienððs€mere€presence€in€territorial€waters€of€the€United€States€does€not€constitute€an€entry.€òòChenÐ t ˆ ÐÔ_ÔZhouÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔChaiÔ_Ô€v.€Carrollóó,€48€F.3d€1331€(4th€Cir.€1995).€€Ð L` Ðà  àIn€òòZhangóó,€the€Second€Circuit€reversed€the€district€courts€holding€that€the€defendant€satisfiedÐ $8  Ðthe€ð ðphysically€presenceðð€requirement€for€entry€by€coming€within€the€twelve€mile€territorial€limit€ofÐ ü  Ðthe€United€States€coast.€€The€defendant€alien€was€aboard€a€vessel€just€offshore€Ô_ÔRockawayÔ_Ô,€Queens,Ð Ôè  Ðwhen€the€ship€struck€a€sandbar.€€The€defendant€then€jumped€ship€and€swam€toward€the€beach€whereÐ ¬À Ðhe€was€immediately€detained€by€government€officers.€€The€district€court€had€mistakenly€relied€onÐ „˜ Ð8€Ô_ÔC.F.R.Ô_Ô€ðð€287.1(a)(1),€which€defines€ð ðexternal€boundaryðð€of€the€United€States€as€the€ð ðlandÐ \p Ðboundaries€and€the€territorial€sea€of€the€United€States€extending€twelve€nautical€miles€from€theÐ 4H Ðbaseline€of€the€United€States...ðð€€The€court€stated€that€ð ðUnited€States€immigration€law€is€designedÐ    Ðto€regulate€the€travel€of€human€beings,€whose€habitat€is€land,€not€the€comings€and€goings€of€fish€orÐ äø Ðbirds,ðð€and€therefore€the€defendant€could€only€make€an€ð ðentryðð€by€establishing€a€physical€presenceÐ ¼!Ð Ðon€the€land€of€the€United€States.€€òòZhangóó,€55€F.3d€at€754.€€Ð ”#¨ Ðà  àThe€question€remains,€if€in€order€to€ð ðenterðð€the€United€States€one€must€reach€land,€at€whatÐ l%€  Ðpoint€does€an€alien€attempt€to€reach€the€land€of€the€United€States€to€satisfy€an€ð ðattempt€to€enterððÐ D'X" Ðunder€ðð€1326?€€When€the€alien€leaves€the€vessel€in€an€attempt€to€set€foot€ashore,€or€when€the€vesselÐ )0!$ Ðattempts€to€tie€on€to€docks?€€When€the€vessel€crosses€into€territorial€waters€of€the€United€States,€orÐ ô*#& Ðwhen€the€vessel€simply€comes€near€territorial€waters?€€When€the€vessel€disembarks€from€its€placeÐ Ì,à$( Ðof€origin;€or€when€passengers€board€such€a€vessel?€€While€there€are€no€published€opinions€regardingÐ ì Ðan€alien€apprehended€on€the€high€seas€and€charged€with€attempted€re„entry,€prior€decisionsÐ Ä Ø Ðconcerning€an€attempt€to€re„enter€require€that€the€defendant€do€more€than€merely€approach€UnitedÐ œ ° ÐStates€territorial€waters.Ð t ˆ Ðà  àTo€obtain€a€conviction€for€an€attempt€to€re„enter€the€United€States€under€ðð€1326,€theÐ L` Ðgovernment€must€prove€that€the€defendant:Ð $8  ÐÓÓà  àà ` à1)€was€an€alien€at€time€of€alleged€offense;Ð ü  Ðà  àà ` à2)€had€previously€been€arrested€and€deported;Ð èü  Ðà  àà ` à3)€attempted€to€enter€the€United€States;€andÐ Ôè  Ðà  àà ` à4)€had€not€received€the€express€consent€of€the€Attorney€General€of€the€à Ð àÐ ÀÔ  Ðà  àà ` àUnited€States€to€apply€for€readmission€to€the€United€States€since€the€time€à Ð àÐ ¬À Ðà  àà ` àof€his€previous€arrest€and€deportation.€€òòU.S.€v.€Cardenas„Alvarezóó,€987€F.2d€Ð ˜¬ Ðà  àà ` à1129,€1131„1132€(5th€Cir.€1993).Ð „˜ ÐÌÓUÓIn€the€instant€case€there€are€no€disputes€as€to€elements€one,€two,€and€four;€but€the€third€element,Ð \p Ðð ðattempt€to€enter,ðð€can€not€be€established€when€the€defendant€is€found€and€arrested€outside€of€theÐ 4H Ðterritorial€waters€of€the€United€States.€€To€prove€the€charge€of€attempt,€the€government€must€showÐ    Ðbeyond€reasonable€doubt€defendantððs€intent€to€commit€offense€charged€and€that€defendant€performedÐ äø Ðsubstantial€step€toward€the€commission€of€the€offense.€€€òòU.S.€v.€Levy„Ô_ÔCorderoÔ_Ôóó,€67€F.3d€1002,€1019Ð ¼!Ð Ð(1st€Cir.€1995).€€The€step€must€be€more€than€mere€preparation€of€the€substantive€offense,€but€lessÐ ”#¨ Ðthan€the€last€act€necessary€before€the€actual€commission€of€the€crime.€€òòIdóó.€€The€prosecution€isÐ l%€  Ðrequired€to€show€that€the€defendants€acted€with€the€specific€intent€to€complete€the€offense€of€attemptÐ D'X" Ðto€re„enter€under€ðð€1326.€€òòU.S.€v.€Morales„Ô_ÔTovarÔ_Ôóó,€37€Ô_ÔF.SuppÔ_Ô.2d€846,€849€(W.D.€Tex.€1999).€€TheÐ )0!$ Ðâ âdefendants,€having€never€crossed€into€the€territorial€waters€of€the€United€States,€did€not€takeÐ ô*#& Ðsubstantial€steps€toward€the€commission€of€the€crime€to€constitute€an€ð ðattempt€to€enterðð€as€a€matterÐ ì Ðof€law.Ð Ä Ø Ðâ âà  àIn€òòU.S.€v.€Morales„Ô_ÔTovarÔ_Ôóó,€37€Ô_ÔF.SuppÔ_Ô.2d€846€(W.D.€Tex.€1999),€the€district€court€found€thatÐ œ ° Ðthere€was€no€credible€evidence€that€the€defendant€attempted€to€re„enter€the€United€States€uponÐ t ˆ Ðentering€a€port„of„entry€and€requesting€to€replace€his€resident€alien€card.€€The€defendant€in€that€caseÐ L` Ðhad€previously€been€deported€from€the€United€States€after€committing€an€aggravated€felony€drugÐ $8  Ðoffense.€€He€was€served€with€notice€that€in€order€to€apply€for€readmission€to€the€United€States€withinÐ ü  Ðtwenty€years€of€committing€the€felony€offense,€he€was€required€to€obtain€permission€from€theÐ Ôè  ÐAttorney€General.€€Within€approximately€four€years€after€his€conviction,€he€went€to€the€port€of€entryÐ ¬À Ðat€Del€Rio,€Texas,€with€his€Mexican€birth€certificate€and€labor€union€card.€€He€then€proceeded€to€aÐ „˜ Ðð ðsecondary€inspectionðð€point,€and€asked€an€immigration€inspector€to€replace€his€resident€alien€card.€Ð \p ÐAfter€the€inspector€asked€the€defendant€for€identification,€a€computer€check€revealed€that€he€hadÐ 4H Ðbeen€previously€deported,€whereupon€the€defendant€was€arrested€and€charged€with€attempt€to€re„Ð    Ðenter€under€ðð€1326.€€In€a€sworn€statement€the€defendant€admitted€his€desire€to€re„enter€the€countryÐ äø Ðto€be€united€with€his€family.Ð ¼!Ð Ðà  àThe€court€held€that€there€was€insufficient€evidence€to€convict€the€defendant€despite€the€factÐ ”#¨ Ðthat€he€had€entered€the€port„of„entry€inspection€post.€€While€it€was€undisputed€that€the€defendantÐ l%€  Ðnever€received€the€express€consent€of€the€Attorney€General€to€apply€for€readmission€to€the€UnitedÐ D'X" ÐStates,€the€port€of€entry€has€the€authority€to€grant€such€a€waiver€pursuant€to€8€Ô_ÔC.F.R.Ô_Ô€ðð€2.1.€€Likewise,Ð )0!$ Ð8€Ô_ÔC.F.R.Ô_Ô€ðð€212.2€grants€a€person€previously€deported€or€removed€from€the€United€States€the€rightÐ ô*#& Ðto€apply€for€permission€to€reapply€for€admission€at€a€port€of€entry.€€The€court€found€that€these€rightsÐ Ì,à$( Ðgranted€to€the€defendant€under€the€Code€of€Federal€Regulations€were€plausible€explanations€for€theÐ ì Ðdefendantððs€conduct€other€than€an€attempt€to€illegally€re„enter€the€United€States.Ð Ä Ø Ðà  àIn€the€instant€case€the€defendants€were€traveling€in€international€waters€where€they€enjoy€theÐ œ ° Ðright€of€free€navigation.€€òòRamirez„Ferreróó,€82€F.3d€1131,€1136€n.4€(1st€Cir.€1996).€€At€no€time€did€theÐ t ˆ Ðyawl€or€its€passengers€ð ðattempt€to€reach€landðð€as€a€matter€of€law.€€The€defendants€were€apprehendedÐ L` Ðby€the€United€States€Coast€Guard€on€orders€from€the€United€States€Border€Patrol.€€They€did€notÐ $8  Ðrequest€permission€to€enter€the€United€States,€they€did€not€present€false€documents€or€visas,€nor€didÐ ü  Ðthey€in€any€way€attempt€to€fraudulently€enter€United€States€land.€€They€never€stated€their€intent€toÐ Ôè  Ðsurreptitiously€enter€the€United€States,€nor€did€they€voluntarily€enter€territorial€waters.€€TheÐ ¬À Ðdefendants€were€intercepted€outside€territorial€waters€near€a€port€of€entry€in€Ô_ÔAguadillaÔ_Ô,€Puerto€Rico,Ð „˜ Ðwhere€they€are€explicitly€permitted€by€8€Ô_ÔC.F.R.Ô_Ô€ðð€212.2€to€ask€for€permission€to€reapply€forÐ \p Ðadmission.€€Ð 4H ÐÓ  ÓòòIII.€CONCLUSIONóóÐ    ÐÓ–lÓà  àThe€government€does€not€have€jurisdiction€over€the€defendants€under€ðð€1326€for€an€attemptÐ äø Ðto€re„enter€the€United€States.€€There€is€no€extraterritorial€jurisdiction€because€the€United€States€isÐ ¼!Ð Ðlimited€by€the€Convention€on€the€Territorial€Seas€and€Contiguous€Zones,€a€treaty€ratified€pursuantÐ ”#¨ Ðto€the€Constitution€of€the€United€States€with€full€force€and€effect€as€the€supreme€law€of€the€land.€Ð l%€  ÐFurthermore,€the€offense€of€ð ðattempting€to€re„enterðð€the€United€States€can€not€be€satisfied€when€theÐ D'X" Ðdefendants€were€apprehended€outside€of€territorial€waters,€as€they€did€not€take€a€substantial€stepÐ )0!$ Ðtoward€the€commission€of€the€crime€as€a€matter€of€law.€€All€charges€should€be€dismissed€withÐ ô*#& Ðprejudice€and€the€defendants€should€be€subject€only€to€civil€deportation€proceedings.€Ð Ì,à$( Ðà  àWHEREFORE,€defendant€respectfully€requests€this€Honorable€Court€to€take€notice€of€theÐ ì Ðabove€and€dismiss€the€Indictment..Ô‡XfxXXXfxÔÐ Ä Ø ÐÔ#†XfxXXXfx.q#Ôà  àI€HEREBY€CERTIFY:€That€a€copy€of€the€foregoing€Motion€was€served€to€counsel€for€theÐ œ ° ÐGovernment,€U.S.€Attorney€Ô_ÔGillermoÔ_Ô€Gilò ò€(Att.€Assistant€U.S.€Attorney€Ô_ÔAixaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMaldonadoÔ_Ô)ó ó,€Ð t ˆ ÐFederico€Ô_ÔDegetauÔ_Ô€Federal€Building,€Room€452,€Ô_ÔHatoÔ_Ô€Rey,€Puerto€Rico€00918.Ð Th Ðà  àIn€San€Juan,€Puerto€Rico,€this€July€28,€1999.Ð ,@  ÐÓÓÔ‡XfxXXXfxÔà  àÔ#†XfxXXXfxÈs#Ôà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àJoseph€C.€Laws,€Jr.Ð   Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àFederal€Public€DefenderÐ ð  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à_____________________Ð ´È Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h à€à À àÐ  ´ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àAssistant€Federal€Public€DefenderÐ Œ  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÔ_ÔUSDCÔ_Ô„PRÐ xŒ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à259€F.€D.€RooseveltÐ dx Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÔ_ÔHatoÔ_Ô€Rey,€P.R.€00918Ð Pd Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àTEL.€(787)€281„4922Ð <P Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àFAX.€(787)€281„4899